==================================================================================================
Rodney A. Brooks (1991) "Intelligence without representation." Artificial Intelligence Vol. 47, pp. 139--159.
==================================================================================================

Artificial intelligence started as a field whose goal was to replicate human level intelligence in a machine. Early hopes diminished as the magnitude and difficulty of that goal was appreciated. ... No one talks about replicating the full gamut of human intelligence any more.''}



5.1. No representation versus no central representation
Just as there is no central representation there is not even a central system. Each activity producing layer connects perception to action directly. It is only the observer of the Creature who imputes a central representation or central control. The Creature itself has none; it is a collection of competing behaviors. Out of the local chaos of their interactions there emerges, in the eye of an observer, a coherent pattern of behavior. There is no central purposeful locus of control. Minsky [10] gives a similar account of how human behavior is generated. Note carefully that we are not claiming that chaos is a necessary ingredient of intelligent behavior. Indeed, we advocate careful engineering of all the interactions within the system (evolution had the luxury of incredibly long time scales and enormous numbers of individual experiments and thus perhaps was able to do without this careful engineering). 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We do claim however, that there need be no explicit representation of either the world or the intentions of the system to generate intelligent behaviors for a Creature. 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Without such explicit representations, and when viewed locally, the interactions may indeed seem chaotic and without purpose.