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Frosini, P.~(2009)
Does intelligence imply contradiction?
Cognitive Systems Research, Vol. 10, No. 4. pp. 297--315.
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"Contradiction is often seen as a defect of intelligent systems and a dangerous limitation on efficiency."



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"... contradiction can be seen as a virtue rather than as a defect. Furthermore, the constant presence of inconsistencies in our thoughts leads us to the following natural question: is contradiction accidental or is it the necessary companion of intelligence?"
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"Any sufficiently intelligent entity must be contradictory."

"Intelligence can be seen as the capability of an entity to survive changes in the environment by adapting to new conditions. If both the changes in the environment and the adaptation of the entity are sufficiently clear to an observer who is examining what is going on, then their presence can be perceived and there is no contradiction (since the different behavior is justified by the changes in the entity and the environment).

On the other hand, if the changes in the environment and the adaptation of the entity become too complex and subtle for the observer to see the differences in all these data, then the behavior of the entity may begin to be seen as contradictory, since the observer cannot perceive the differences causing this change in behavior. Therefore, the entity may become contradictory for the observer when the intelligence of the entity produces behavior that is too complex for that particular observer."



As an example, when someone changes his/her mind about something, we usually consider him/her to be contradictory if we cannot understand the details of the mental process prompting him/her to make this change in opinion. On the other hand, if we are able to understand the changes producing this different behavior (gthe reasons of the change in opinionh), then no contradiction is perceived."


"We do not want to enter into this debate, but we stress that most of the tools available for developing artificial intelligence (including discrete neural networks) can be emulated by a Turing machine, so that everything we use at the moment to study intelligence from a discrete-mathematical point of view can be reduced in principle to the functioning of a cellular automaton."



03/02
till
before Example 1