The Baldwin Effect: A Bibliography

Last updated: Jan. 2007

Latest news

• Twe papers were added (Apr. 2007).
• One paper was added (Jan. 2007).
• One paper was added (Nov. 2006).
• Three papers were added (Aug. 2006).

This page was created by Peter Turney (.Oct. 1996-), maintained by Joanna Bryson (Dec. 2001-) and currently maintained by Reiji Suzuki (0ct. 2003-).

• Suzuki, R. and Arita, T.: "Repeated Occurrences of the Baldwin Effect Can Guide Evolution on Rugged Fitness Landscapes", Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Artificial Life (CI-ALife'07), , pp. 8-14 (2007). *1
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• Suzuki, R. and Arita, T.: "Adaptation of Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Strategies by Evolution and Learning", Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG 2007), , pp. 40-47 (2007).
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• Suzuki, R. and Arita, T.: "The Dynamic Changes in Roles of Learning through the Baldwin effect", Artificial Life, 13(1), pp. 31-43 (2007). *1 New!

• Longa, V. M.: "A misconception about the Baldwin Effect: Implications for language evolution", Folia Linguistica, 40(3-4), pp. 305-318 (2006).

• Paenke, I., Kawecki, T. and Sendhoff, B.: "On the Influence of Lifetime Learning on Selection Pressure", Proceedings of Artificial Life X, pp. 500-506 (2006).

• Mills, R. and Watson, R. A.: "On Crossing Fitness Valleys with the Baldwin Effect", Proceedings of Artificial Life X, pp. 493-499 (2006).

• Mills, R. and Watson, R. A.: "Genetic assimilation and canalization in the Baldwin effect", Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Artificial Life, pp. 353-362 (2005).

• Ananth, M.: "Psycholgical Altruism Vs. Biological Altruism: Narrowing the Gap with the Baldwin Effect", Acta Biotheoretica, 53, pp. 217-239 (2005).

• Downing, K. L.: "Development and the Baldwin effect", Artificial Life, 10(1), pp. 39-63 (2004).

• Yamauchi, H.: "Baldwinian Accounts of Language Evolution", PhD thesis, Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, pp. (2004). *1

• Reiji Suzuki, Takaya Arita: "Interactions between Learning and Evolution: Outstanding Strategy Generated by the Baldwin Effect", Biosystems, 77(1-3), pp. 57-71 (2004). *1

• Reiji Suzuki, Takaya Arita: "Emergent Dynamics of Benefit and Cost of Learning in the Course of Evolution", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Simulated Evolution and Learning,, STP-1-107, pp. (1-6) (2004). *1

• Reiji Suzuki, Takaya Arita: "Drastic Changes in Roles of Learning in the Course of Evolution", Proceedings of Artificial Life IX, pp. 369-374 (2004). *1

• Reiji Suzuki, Takaya Arita: "The Baldwin Effect Revisited: Three Steps Characterized by the Quantitative Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity", Proceedings of Seventh European Conference on Artificial Life, pp. 395-404 (2003). *1

• Weber, B. H. and Depew, D. J.: Evolution and Learning - The Baldwin Effect Reconsidered -, pp. (2003). *1 *2

• Dopazo, H., Gordon, M., Perazzo, R. and Rissau, S.: "A model for the emergence of adaptive subsystems.", Bull. Math. Biol., 65, pp. 27-56 (2003).

• Dopazo, H. and Perazzo, R.: "Mutual influence of learning and evolution.", Complexity International, 9, pp. (2002).

• Munroe, S. and Cangelosi, A.: "Learning and the Evolution of Language: The Role of Culutural Cariation and Learning Costs in the Baldwin Effect", Artificial Life, 8(4), pp. 311-339 (2002).

• Wiles, J., Watson, J., Tonkes, B., & Deacon, T. W.: "Strange loops in learning and evolution", Presented at the International Conference on Complex Systems (ICCS 2002), pp. (2002).

• Watson, J. and Wiles, J.: "The rise and fall of learning: A neural network model of the genetic assimilation of acquired traits", Proceedings of the 2002 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC 2002), pp. 600-605 (2002).

• Dopazo, H., Gordon, M., Perazzo, R. and Rissau, S.: "A model for the interaction of learning and evolution.", Bull. Math. Biol., 63, pp. 117-134 (2001).

• Lindahl, B.I.B.: "Consciousness, Behavioural Patterns and the Direction of Biological Evolution: Implications for the Mind-Brain Problem", Dimensions of Conscious Experience, pp. 73-99 (2001).

• Pereira, F.B., and Costa, E.: "Understanding the role of learning in the evolution of Busy Beavers: a comparison between the Baldwin Effect and a Lamarckian strategy", Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-2001), pp. (2001). *1 *2 *3

• Salazar-Ciudad, I., Newman, S.A., and SolE R.: "Phenotypic and dynamical transitions in model genetic networks. I. Emergence of patterns and genotype-phenotype relationships", Evolution & Development, 3, pp. 84-94 (2001). *1

• Salazar-Ciudad, I., Sol�E R., and Newman, S.A.: "Phenotypic and dynamical transitions in model genetic networks. II. Application to the evolution of segmentation mechanisms", Evolution & Development, 3, pp. 95-103 (2001). *1

• Wiles, J., Tonkes, B. & Watson, J.: "How learning can guide evolution in hierarchical modular tasks", Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2001), pp. 1130-1135 (2001).

• Wiles, J., Shulz, R., Bolland, S., Tonkes, B., & Hallinan, J.: "Selection procedures for module discovery: Exploring evolutionary algorithms for cognitive science", Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2001), pp. 1124-1129 (2001).

• Wiles, J., Schulz, R., Hallinan, J., Bolland, S. & Tonkes, B.: "Probing the persistent question marks", Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-2001), pp. 710-717 (2001).

• Arita, T., and Suzuki, R.: "Interactions between learning and evolution: The outstanding strategy generated by the Baldwin effect", Proceedings of Artificial Life VII, pp. 196-205 (2000). *1 *2 *3

• Reiji Suzuki, Takaya Arita: "Interaction between Evolution and Learning in a Population of Globally or Locally Interacting Agents", Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Neural Information Processing, pp. 738-743 (2000). *1

• Arita Takaya, Reiji Suzuki: "Interactions between Learning and Evolution -Outstanding Strategy generated by the Baldwin Effect-", Proceedings of Alife VII, pp. 196-205 (2000). *1 *2 *3

• Reiji Suzuki, Takaya Arita: "How learning Can Affect the Course of Evolution in Dynamic environments", Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, pp. 260-263 (2000). *1

• Turney, P.: "A simple model of unbounded evolutionary versatility as a largest-scale trend in organismal evolution", Artificial Life, 6, pp. 109-128 (2000). *1 *2

• Yamasaki, K., and Sekiguchi, M.: "Dynamic environment adds various aspects for the adaptation of the organism", roceedings of the Sixth International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, pp. 254-263 (2000).

• Yamasaki, K., and Sekiguchi, M.: "Clear explanation of different adaptive behaviors between Darwinian population and Lamarckian population in changing environment", Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, 1, pp. 120-123 (2000).

• Ancel, L.W.: "A quantitative model of the Simpson-Baldwin effect", Journal of Theoretical Biology, 196, pp. 197-209 (1999).

• Bull, L.: "On the Baldwin Effect", Artificial Life, 5, pp. 241-246 (1999).

• Loredo, J.C.: "The current projection of James Mark Baldwin", Ph.D. Thesis. Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Madrid, Spain (in Spanish; no English translation.), pp. (1999).

• Robinson, B.W., and Dukas, R.: "The influence of phenotypic modifications on evolution: The Baldwin effect and modern perspectives", Oikos, 85, pp. 582-589 (1999).

• Turney, P.: "Increasing evolvability considered as a large-scale trend in evolution", Workshop on Evolvability at the 1999 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-99), pp. (1999). *1 *2

• Schlichting, C. D., and Pigliucci, M.: "Phenotypic Evolution: A Reaction Norm Perspective", , pp. (1998).

• Mayley, G.: "Guiding or hiding: Explorations into the effects of learning on the rate of evolution", Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life (ecal97), pp. (1997).

• Anderson, R.W.: "How adaptive antibodies facilitate the evolution of natural antibodies.", Immunology and Cell Biology, 74(2), pp. 286-291 (1996). *1

• Bala, J., De Jong, K., Huang, J., Vafaie, H., and Wechsler, H.: "Using learning to facilitate the evolution of features for recognizing visual concepts", Evolutionary Computation, 4(3), pp. 297-311 (1996). *1

• Batali, J. and Grundy, W.N.: "Modeling the evolution of motivation", Evolutionary Computation, 4(3), pp. 235-270 (1996). *1

• Belew, R.K. and Mitchell, M. (Eds.): Adaptive Individuals in Evolving Populations: Models and Algorithms, pp. (1996).

• Cecconi, F., Menczer, F., and Belew, R.K.: "Maturation and the evolution of imitative learning in artificial organisms", Adaptive Behavior, 4, pp. 29-50 (1996). *1 *2

• Hart, W.E., and Belew, R.K.: "Optimization with genetic algorithm hybrids that use local search", Adaptive Individuals in Evolving Populations: Models and Algorithms, pp. (1996). *1

• Harvey, I.: "Relearning and evolution in neural networks", Adaptive Behavior, 4, pp. 81-84 (1996). *1

• Harvey, I.: "Is There Another New Factor in Evolution?", Evolutionary Computation, 4(3), pp. 313-329 (1996). *1

• Hightower, R., Forrest, S., and Perelson, A.: "The Baldwin effect in the immune system:learning by somatic hypermutation", Adaptive Individuals in Evolving Populations: Models and Algorithms, pp. (1996). *1

• Mayley, G.: "Landscapes, learning costs and genetic assimilation", Evolutionary Computation, 4(3), pp. 213-234 (1996).

• Mayley, G.: "The evolutionary cost of learning", From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behaviour, pp. 458-467 (1996).

• Turney, P.: "Myths and legends of the Baldwin effect", Proceedings of the Workshop on Evolutionary Computing and Machine Learning at the 13th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-96), pp. 135-142 (1996). *1 *2

• Turney, P.: "How to shift bias: Lessons from the Baldwin effect,", Evolutionary Computation, 4(3), pp. 271-295 (1996). *1 *2

• Turney, P., Whitley, D., and Anderson, R.W.: "Evolution, learning, and instinct: 100 years of the Baldwin effect", Evolutionary Computation, 4(3), pp. iv-Viii (1996). *1 *2 *3 *4

• Anderson, R.W.: "Learning and evolution: A quantitative genetics approach", Journal of Theoretical Biology, 175, pp. 89-101 (1995). *1

• Anderson, R.W.: "Genetic mechanisms underlying the Baldwin effect are evident in natural antibodies", Evolutionary Programming IV: The Edited Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming, pp. 547-563 (1995). *1

• Behera, N., and Nanjundiah, V.: "An investigation into the role of phenotypic plasticity in evolution", Journal of Theoretical Biology, 172, pp. 225-234 (1995).
  --extends Hinton and Nowlan (1987) to take into account the initial measure of fit (i.e., the initial number of 1s) between an individual and the optimum

• Hart, W.E., Kammeyer, T.E., and Belew, R.K.: "The role of development in genetic algorithms", Foundations of Genetic Algorithms 3, pp. (1995). *1 *2

• Boers, E.J.W., Borst, M.V., and Sprinkhuizen-Kuyper, I.G.: "Evolving artificial neural networks using the Baldwin effect", Artificial Neural Nets and Genetic Algorithms, Proceedings of the International Conference in Ales, France., pp. 333-336 (1994).

• French, R., and Messinger, A.: "Genes, phenes and the Baldwin effect", Proceedings of Artificial Life IV, pp. 277-282 (1994). *1 *2

• Gonzalez, J.C.S.: "The Baldwin Effect. The functionalistic proposal for a psychobiological synthesis", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Oviedo, Spain (in Spanish; no English translation.), pp. (1994).

• Hart, W.E.: "Adaptive Global Optimization with Local Search", Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, pp. (1994).

• Menczer, F., and Belew, R.K.: "Evolving sensors in environments of controlled complexity", Proceedings of Artificial Life IV, pp. (1994). *1

• Nolfi, S., Elman, J.L., and Parisi, D: "Learning and evolution in neural networks", Adaptive Behavior, 3, pp. 5ŚŽ28“ú (1994). *1 *2

• Unemi, T., Nagayoshi, M., Hirayama, N., Nade, T., Yano, K., and Masujima, Y.: "Evolutionary differentiation of learning abilities - a case study on optimizing parameter values in Q-learning by a genetic algorithm", Proceedings of Artificial Life IV, pp. (1994). *1

• Whitley, D., Gordon, S., and Mathias, K.: "Lamarckian evolution, the Baldwin effect and function optimization", Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN III, pp. 6ŚŽ15“ú (1994). *1

• Harvey, I.: "The puzzle of the persistent question marks: A case study of genetic drift", Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, ICGA-93, pp. (1993). *1
  --looks at why question marks remain in Hinton and Nowlan's (1987) population

• Scheiner, S.: "Genetics and evolution of phenotypic plasticity", Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24, pp. 35-68 (1993).
  --biological perspective on phenotypic plasticity

• Whitley, D., and Gruau, F.: "Adding learning to the cellular development of neural networks: Evolution and the Baldwin effect", Evolutionary Computation, 1, pp. 213-233 (1993). *1

• Gottlieb, G.: "Evolution: The modern synthesis and its failure to incorporate individual development into evolutionary theory", Individual Development and Evolution: The Genesis of Novel Behavior, pp. (1992).

• Ackley, D., and Littman, M.: "Interactions between learning and evolution", Proceedings of the Second Conference on Artificial Life, pp. 487-509 (1991). *1 *2
  --one of the few papers that looks at both the benefits and the costs of learning

• Belew, R.K.: "Evolution, learning and culture: computational metaphors for adaptive search", Complex Systems, 4, pp. 11-49 (1991). *1

• Belew, R.K., McInerney, J., and Schraudolph, N.N.: "Evolving networks: Using the Genetic Algorithm with connectionist learning", Proceedings of the Second Artificial Life Conference, pp. 511-547 (1991). *1 *2

• Stork, D.G., and Keesing, R.: "Evolution and learning in neural networks: The number and distribution of learning trials affect the rate of evolution", Proceedings of Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS-3), pp. 804-810 (1991).

• Schull, J.: "Are species intelligent?", Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13(1), pp. 61-73 (1990).

• Belew, R.K.: "When both individuals and populations search: Adding simple learning to the Genetic Algorithm", Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pp. 34-41 (1989). *1

• Wcislo, W.T.: "Behavioral environments and evolutionary change", Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 20, pp. 137-169 (1989).
  --an excellent survey of the Baldwin effect from the perspective of biology, with more than 250 references

• West-Eberhard, M.: "Phenotypic plasticity and the origins of diversity", Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 20, pp. 249-278 (1989).
  --biological perspective on phenotypic plasticity

• Hinton, G.E., and Nowlan, S.J.: "How learning can guide evolution", Complex Systems, 1, pp. 495-502 (1987). *1
  --the first computational study of the Baldwin effect

• Maynard Smith, J.: "When learning guides evolution", Nature, 329, pp. 761-762 (1987).

• Richards, R.J.: "Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior", , pp. (1987).
  --includes historical treatment of Baldwin

• Simpson, G.C.: "The Baldwin effect", Evolution, 7, pp. 110-117 (1953).
  --the history surrounding the status of the Baldwin effect in evolutionary biology up to the early 1950's

• Waddington, C.H.: "Canalization of development and the inheritance of acquired characters", Nature, 150, pp. 563-565 (1942).

• Baldwin, J.M.: "A new factor in evolution", American Naturalist, 30, pp. 441-451 (1896). *1
  --one of the three foundational papers, now available in hypertext; see also Morgan (1896) and Osborn (1896); see Wcislo (1989) for a history

• Morgan, C.L.: "On modification and variation", Science, 4, pp. 733-740 (1896).

• Osborn, H.F.: "Ontogenic and phylogenic variation", Science, 4, pp. 786-789 (1896).