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{\bf Is Artificial Neural Network Intelligent?}
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\begin{Large}
Akira Imada  \\
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Brest State Technical University (Belarus)
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{\bf What is human-like intelligence?}\\
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{\Large 
%%$\Downarrow$ \\
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Human-intelligence is
\color{red}
spontaneous\color{black}, \color{red}flexible \color{black}, 
and/or \color{red} unpredictable\color{black},\\ 
\color{black}more or less.\\
Or even \color{red} erroneous \color{black} sometimes.}
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{\bf ``I beg your pardon?''}\\
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{\Large 
Intelligent people try a \color{red}different 
\color{black}explanation for an easier understanding\\
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while \\
others just repeat the \color{red}same \color{black}expression, maybe louder.}
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{\bf Let's make an agent  be spontaneous!}\\
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{\Large
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Behaviors might \color{red}differ \color{black}even in a \color{red}similar \color{black}situations.}
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{\bf Path-planning as a benchmark}\\
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{\Large 
An agent plans a shortest route from start to goal\\
in a \color{red}grid-world\color{black}.}
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{\bf Examples of path from start to goal}
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\begin{figure}[bhtp]
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   \includegraphics[width=5cm,height=6cm]{trace-96-start.eps}
   \includegraphics[width=5cm,height=6cm]{trace-96-end-new.eps}
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\hspace*{.85in} {\Large \color{red}No obstacle like walls, corridors, or dangerous pond.}



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{\bf Which route to be chosen?}\\
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{\Large
The number of shortest paths from (0,0) to (m,n)\\
$\Downarrow$ \\
infinitely large.\\
$\Downarrow$ 
\color{red}
\begin{displaymath}
\sum_{i=0}^{m+n} {_{m}C_{i}} \times {_{n}C_{m+n-i}}.
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Can an agent take a different path from run to run?
}
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{\bf What about from (0,0) to (m,0)?}\\
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{\Large
In this case \color{red} only one unique solution.\\
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Can an agent still be \color{red}flexible \color{black}from run to run?}
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{\bf Goal is}\\
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to make an agent behave \color{red} differently \color{black}even when it encounters \\ the \color{red}same \color{black}situation as before.}
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{\bf NN with fixed weights}\\
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{\Large 
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$\Downarrow$\\
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never be intelligent\\
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but only repeats exactly the same action in the same situation.}
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{\bf Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP)}\\
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{\Large A counterpart of the Hebbian rule for \color{red}spiking neurons}
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{\bf  Are we happy?}\\
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{\Large
Simple heuristics can do it using a dice}
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\begin{figure}[h]
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\includegraphics[width=16cm, height=6cm]{spontaneous-along-x.eps}
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{\bf Papert (1965)}\\
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{\Large {\it ``A very simple algorithm can sometimes obtain the same results as the holistic, intuitive human mind,''}}
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{\bf Not sufficient to be intelligent}\\
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{\Large
A \color{red}different-action-even-in-an-identical-situation\color{black} \\
$\Downarrow$\\
just a necessary condition at the best.}
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{\bf  What else we need to be intelligent?}\\
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{\Large
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A spontaneous, flexible or unpredictable behavior \\ should be done \color{red}consciously.}
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{\bf McClelland (2009) again}\\
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{\Large
{\it ``Over the next decade, the butterfly will finally emerge from the chrysalis, and truly parallel computing will take flight.''}\\
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$\Downarrow$\\
Let's try to be optimistic.}
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{\bf Mars Land-rover Problem}\\
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\includegraphics[width=7cm, height=4cm]{rover-300.eps}
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{\Large Can we design a robot such that it navigates \color{red}flexibly \color{black}enough to take a different route from run to run, using a \color{red} memory \color{black}with some \color{red}conscious intention\color{black}, hopefully with \color{red}belief \color{black} and some sort of \color{red}desire\color{black}?}
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{\bf Thanks!}
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{\Large
\begin{itemize}
\item \color{blue} Assume you like Chopin then you also like Chopin from CD?
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}

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