How to Format Your References

.

ASA Format
American Sociological Association

This is a guide you may use to format your references.

Manuscript Format:

• All text (including footnotes & references) must be doubled spaced and in a 12 point type.
• Margins must be at least 1 ¼ inches on all four sides
• A separate title page including title of paper, name(s) & institution(s) of authors, word count for the manuscript (including footnotes and references), title footnote (includes names, addresses of authors, acknowledgements, credits, and grants)
• If required, on a separate page provide a short (150-200 word) abstract headed with the title.
• Begin the text of the paper on a separate page headed with the title of the paper.

Citations in Text:

• If author’s name is in the text, follow it with the publication year in parentheses
                  When Chu (1977) studied…
  
  
• If the author’s name is not in the text, enclose the last name and year in parentheses:
                  When the study was completed…(Jones 1994)
  
  
• If the page number is to be included it follows the year of publication after a colon:
                  …Chavez (1966:16)
  
  
• For three authors, give all last names in the first citation in the text; afterwards use the first name and et al.; for more than three names, use the first author’s last name plus et al.:
                  (Smith, Garcia and Lee 1954) (Snow et al. 1989)
  
• Quotations in the text must begin and end with quotation marks; the citation follows the end quote mark and precedes the period.
                   "In 1999, however, the data were reported by more specific job types which showed that
                     technologically oriented jobs paid better" (Hildenbrand 1999:47).

Footnotes & Endnotes:

• Try to avoid footnotes, but if necessary, use footnotes to cite material of limited availability or to add information presented in a table.
• Footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout the essay with superscript Arabic numerals and included at the bottom of the paper or in a separate section headed "Endnotes."
  

Reference List (Bibliography):

• References follow the text and footnotes in a separate section headed "References."
• All references cited in the text must be listed and vice-versa.
• Remember references should be double-spaced.
• List references in alphabetical order by author’s last names.
• Use hanging indention (see examples)
• Invert the authors’ name; if there are two or more authors, invert only the first author’s name.
• Arrange multiple items by the same author in order by year of publication, earliest year first.
• Use six hyphens and a period(------.) in place of the name(s) for repeated authorship.
• Distinguish works by the same author in the same year by adding letters (e.g. 1993a, 1993b, 1993c).
• Use italics for book and periodical titles (underline if italics are not available).
• If no date is available use "N.d." in place of the date.
• Include both city and state for place of publication except for New York using U.S. Postal Code
• Abbreviations. For foreign cities provide the name of the country.

Examples of References:

Books: Basic form for a book entry is 1-Author’s last name, followed by a comma and the first name and middle initial, ending with a period. 2- Year of publication followed by a period. 3- Title of book italicized ending with a period. 4- Place of publication, followed by a colon and name of publisher ending with a period.

De Anda, Roberto M. 1995. Chicanas and Chicanos in Contemporary

Society. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Herrera-Sobek, María and Helena María Viramontes. 1995. Chicana (W)rites

: On Word and Film. Berkeley, CA: Third Woman Press.

Nathan, Peter E. and Raymond S. Niaura. 1987. "Prevention of Alcohol

Problems." Pp. 333-354 in Treatment and Prevention ofAlcohol Problems: A Resource Manual, edited by W.M. Cox.Orlando, FL: Academic Press, Inc.

Manual of Style. 1993. 14th ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Journal Articles in Print: Basic form for a journal article is 1- Author’s last name, followed by a comma and the first name and middle initial ending with a period. 2- Year of publication followed by a period. 3-Title of article in quotations and ending with a period inside the closing quotation mark. 4-Name of journal in italics 5- volume number followed by colon, page number(s) and period. Use the issue number following the volume number in parenthesis or exact date for journal article prior to the volume number for journals that do not number pages consecutively within a volume.

Garcia, Alma M. 1998. "An Intellectual Odyssey: Chicana/Chicano Studies

Moving into the Twenty-first Century." Journal of AmericanEthnic History 18:109.

Exum, William H., Robert J. Menges, Bari Watkins, and Patricia Berglund.

1984. "Making it at the top: Women and minority faculty in theacademic labor market." American Behavioral Scientist27:301-324.

Newspaper & Magazine Articles in Print: Basic form for a newspaper or magazine entry is 1- Author’s last name, followed by a comma and the first name and middle initial, ending with a period. 2- Year of publication followed by a period. 3-Title of article in quotations and ending with a period inside the closing quotation mark. 4-Name of newspaper/magazine in italics 5-date of publication followed by a comma 6- page number of article within the publication ending with a period.

Jana, Reena. 2000. "Preventing culture clashes - As the IT workforce grows

more diverse, managers must improve awareness without creatinginconsistency." InfoWorld, April 24, pp. 95.

Rimland, Bernard. 2000. "Do children's shots invite autism?" Los Angeles

Times, April 26, A13.

Articles Retrieved in Electronic Format

Graham, Lorie M. 1998. "The Past Never Vanishes: A Contextual Critique of

the Existing Indian Family Doctrine" American Indian LawReview, 23:1. Retrieved May 25, 1999 Available: LEXIS-NEXIS Academic Universe, Law Reviews.

Clary, Mike. 2000. "Vieques Protesters Removed Without Incident." Los

Angeles Times, May 5. Retrieved May 5, 2000(http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/updates/lat_vieques000505.htm).

Smith, Herman W. and Takako Nomi. 2000. "Is Amae the Key to

Understanding Japanese Culture?." Electronic Journal of Sociology 5:1. Retrieved May 5, 2000(http://www.sociology.org/content/vol005.001/smith-nomi.html).

American Sociological Association. 2000. "Scholarship of Teaching and

Learning Workshop." Washington, DC: American SociologicalAssociation, Retrieved May 5, 2000 (http://www.asanet.org/members/socwkshp.html).

Other

-Government Documents: Since the nature of public documents is so varied, the form of entry for documents cannot be standardized. The essential rule is to provide sufficient information so that the reader can locate the reference easily. For example see the following:

United States. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development. 1999. Rehab a home

with HUD's 203(k) : HUD and FHA are on your side. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development.

Valencia, Albert. 1995. "An examination of selected characteristics of

Mexican-American battered women and implications for serviceproviders." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Education, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA.