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\begin{LARGE}
\noindent
{\bf Deterministic Crowding (Mahfoud, 1992)}\\

\begin{itemize}
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%% \item[(1)] Choose two parents, $p_1$ and $p_2$, at random, with no parent being chosen more than once.
\item[(1)] Choose two parents, $p_1$ and $p_2$, at random, without repetition.
\item[(2)] Produce two children, $c_1$ and $c_2$, with uniform crossover.
\item[(3)] Mutate the children by flipping bit chosen at random with probability $p_m$,\\
           yielding $c_1^{\prime}$ and $c_2^{\prime}$.
\item[(4)] Replace parent  with child as follows: 
   \begin{itemize}
   \item IF \hspace{.05in} $d(p_1, c_1^{\prime}) + d(p_2, c_2^{\prime}) > d(p_1, c_2^{\prime}) + d(p_2, c_1^{\prime})$
      \begin{itemize}
      \item IF \hspace{.05in} $f(c_1^{\prime}) > f(p_1)$ THEN \hspace{.05in} replace $p_1$ with $c_1^{\prime}$
      \item IF \hspace{.05in} $f(c_2^{\prime}) > f(p_2)$ THEN \hspace{.05in} replace $p_2$ with $c_2^{\prime}$
      \end{itemize}
   \item ELSE
      \begin{itemize}
      \item IF \hspace{.05in} $f(c_2^{\prime}) > f(p_1)$ THEN \hspace{.05in} replace $p_1$ with $c_2^{\prime}$
      \item IF \hspace{.05in} $f(c_1^{\prime}) > f(p_2)$ THEN \hspace{.05in} replace $p_2$ with $c_1^{\prime}$
      \end{itemize}
   \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

\end{LARGE}
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