In their good review paper

Since O'keefe's {\it "first theoretical suggestion of a landmark independent navigational system up stream of the hippocampus," as McNaughton et al.~(2006) wrote in their nice review paper, 

O�fKeefe, J.~(1976) "Place units in the hippocampus of the freely moving rat." Exp. Neurol. 51, 78.109 (1976).

the discovery of spatially selective place cells in the hippocampus

 and the proposal that the hippocampus is the neural substrate of a
�ecognitive map�f3,


O�fKeefe, J. & J. Dostrovsky. The hippocampus as a
spatial map: preliminary evidence from unit activity in
the freely moving rat. Brain Res. 34, 171.175. (1971).
3. O�fKeefe, J. & Nadel, L. The Hippocampus as a
Cognitive Map (Clarendon, Oxford, 1978).


4. Mittelstaedt, M. L. & Mittelstaedt, H. Homing by path
integration in a mammal. Naturwissenschaften 67,
566.567 (1980) (in German).
The first report of path integration in a mammal.
5. Taube, J. S., Muller, R. U. & Ranck, J. B. Jr. Headdirection
cells recorded from the postsubiculum in
freely moving rats. I. Description and quantitative
analysis. J. Neurosci. 10, 420.435 (1990).
The first quantitative description of head directionsensitive
cells in the brain.
6. Ranck, J. B. in Electrical Activity of the Archicortex
(eds. Buzsaki, G. & Vanderwolf, C. H.) 217.220
(Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 1985).
The first report of head direction-sensitive cells in
the brain.


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those animals intelligent?

chess 
chess-playing computer, Deep Blue, that is able to defeat the best of human players (Michie, 1997).
Then world chamiopn Garry Kasparov


http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV1001.html
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In the first ever traditional chess match between a man (world champion Garry Kasparov) and a computer (IBM's Deep Blue) in 1996, Deep Blue won one game, tied two and lost three. The next year, Deep Blue defeated Kasparov in a six-game match -- the first time a reigning world champion lost a match to a computer opponent in tournament play. Deep Blue was a combination of special purpose hardware and software with an IBM RS/6000 SP2 (seen here) -- a system capable of examining 200 million moves per second, or 50 billion positions, in the three minutes allocated for a single move in a chess game. (VV1001) 
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Deep Blue lacks the intuitive skill of a grandmaster and instead relies on brute computing power to evaluate billions of future positions.

debate on intelligent or not?

just brute force to search for deep 

elephant